The iranian military operation was successfully led by lieutenant general ali sayad shirazi where iran won the battle and also the ensuing iraqi counterattack. Ministry of planning kurdistan regional government kurdistan region of iraq 2020. Hussein has been notified of the charges, but his lawyers had not been given the files as of tonight. During the 1994 rwandan genocide, hutu militias killed many thousands of tutsi and moder ate hutu males. Anfal campaign, proving the united states government had sufficient information to prevent the atrocity. The anfal trial and the iraqi high tribunal update number one. One of the largest acts of genocide occurred on 18 march 1988 in the kurdish city of halabja. Iraq court charges hussein with genocide of kurds the. Iraqi government launched the anfal campaign, a genocide against the rural kurds of northern iraq. While the above is only a very brief snapshot of how kurds suffered over the years, the purpose was to construct the rationale behind kurdish sentiment for. Towards the end of the decade long iraniraq war, saddam hussein launched a deadly attack against the kurds, known as the anfal campaign, killing more than a hundred thousand. Aska hameameen anfal genocide survivor rizgary kurdistan iraq. Ictj update the anfal trial defense phase and closing stages p. The threeyear military operation killed hundreds of thousands of kurdish civilians, destroyed thousands of kurdish villages and resettled thousands of arabs in the cities of kirkuk and mosul in an attempt to change the ti g.
The first update focused on the complainant phase of the trial, which ran from 21 august to 27 november 2006. This update covers the prosecution witness and documentary evidence phases of the anfal trial. I argue that the main barrier preventing the us from responding to anfal was the geopolitical situation surrounding the campaign. Hussein hit with charge of genocide he attempted to wipe. As a new survey compiled by the norwegian refugee council points out, for twenty years northern iraqs kurds were the victims of saddam husseinfirst in a 1970s program of arabisation, which. During and after the isis offensive of 2014, yazidi males were singled out and summarily executed. Al anfal literally means the spoils of war and was used to describe the military campaign of extermination and looting commanded by ali hassan almajid. Iraqis launch the anfal campaign against the kurds of northern iraq, killing more than 100,000 civilians.
The iraqi states genocide against the kurdsshort f. The kurds as parties to and victims of conflicts in iraq icrc. This teacher pack serves as a companion guide for the documentary. More than twenty years after kurdish forces captured mass quantities of iraqi secret police files chronicling the anfal genocide and other events in their march 1991 uprising, a digital copy of these documents has been repatriated to iraqi kurdistan. The most infamous episode was the poison gas attack against the kurdish town of halabja, killing 5,000. The anfal campaign included the use of ground offensives, aerial bombing, systematic destruction of settlements, mass deportation, firing squads, and chemical warfare, which earned almajid the nickname of chemical ali. The prosecution witness and documentary evidence phases. In kurdistan, april 14 is the day marked every year for remembrance of the notorious anfal campaign. The campaign takes its name from suratalanfal in the quran. The al anfal campaign was supposedly part of iraqs struggle against proiran kurds, but it actually killed thousands of innocent kurdish civilians.
The prosecution witness and documentary evidence phases of the. The following 19 files are in this category, out of 19 total. Two years later saddam hussein seized kuwait and lost his western support. Recommendations for resolving the remaining land and.
Information is taken directly from observer notes or detailed media reporting. The court defines the bloody anfal campaign, whose name means the spoils from a favorite. The anfal campaign began in 1986, and lasted until 1989, and was headed by ali hassan almajid, a cousin of iraqi president saddam. The prosecution witness phase lasted for five sessions, from 28 november to 7 december 2006. Saddam hussein, based on a policy of extermination targeting. Finally i examine the us response postiraniraq war, analyzing the shift in political discourse. Pdf the anfal campaign was a series of attacks conducted by the iraqi army against the kurdish people in northern iraq. Emerging chapter terrorist environments draft proof do.
Minister of planning kurdistan regional government september 20. Document translation was handled by a number of persons. This had the intended effect of flushing terrified kurds out of their villages and driving them into the arms of infantry troops and their allies, the kurdish fursanjahsh. Anfal campaign, which included the attack using chemical weapons on halabja, killing 5,000 people. The map in the infobox which aims to show the areas targeted by al anfal operation are wrong. Anfal campaign against the kurds in the late 1980s and on the structure of the iraqi security and military apparatus under the baath regime. Genocide and the global response rationale the purpose of this lesson is to explore genocides that have taken place during the twentieth and twentyfirst centuries including the cambodian genocide, the rwandan genocide, the armenian genocide and the holocaust. The 1988 anfal campaign in iraqi kurdistan sciences po. The kurdish question association of the united states army. Baghdad launched about 40 gas attacks against iraqi kurdish targets in 198788, with thousands killed. The anfal campaign s principal tactic was a targeted chemical strike on the first day of each of the seven stages of anfal that followed the puks collapse at jafati. During the 1988 anfal campaign, the iraqi army killed thousands of militaryage kurdish males. I know, that at least the areas south of kirkuk as well as the makhmur district of erbil governorate suffered under a heavy destruction during anfal campaign by the baath regime. The anfal campaign included the use of ground offensives, aerial bombing, systematic destruction of settlements, mass deportation, firing squads, and chemical warfare, which earned almajid the nickname of chemical.
Following the military transport of the documents to the u. Ali hassan al majeed, also known as chemical ali, whod become the strongest man in iraq after saddam, was the mastermind behind the viciously planned genocide campaign against the kurds, called anfal. The anfal campaign in iraqi kurdistan the destruction of koreme the forced relocation of its inhabitants, the massacre and disappearance of its men and the chemical boys, weapons attack on the village of birjinni, and the death of farwan tawa mostafa, a infant, atbeharke female camp, in the course ofthe 1988 anfal campaign against the kurds of. Khurshids story of the anfal campaign, a brutal iraqi military operation launched by saddam hussein against the kurdish people in the eighties, is just one of many that continues to haunt the. Although anfal began before april 14, 1988, the baathist regime launched the. Heartbreaking, neverbeforeseen footage of chemical alis atrocities and interviews with anfal, chemical victim survivors. The anfal campaign waged from 1986 to 1989 targeted kurds and other groups, resulting in the 1 bidoon is arabic for without, meaning people who are without identity documents.
The anfal campaign began in 1986, and lasted until 1989, and was headed by ali hassan almajid, a cousin of iraqi president saddam hussein from saddams hometown of tikrit. A cousin of saddam hussein, ali hassan al majid chemical ali, led the implementation of the military campaign. The campaign included eight comprehensive military offensives that lasted from february 23 to september 6, 1988. This worksheetquiz combo addresses some of the most important details regarding the genocide campaign that took place in cambodia at the end of the 20th century. Genocide in iraq the anfal campaign against the kurds. The anfal was the peak of the genocide, a crime committed while much of the world was silent. The anfal campaign consisted of eight distinct operations lasting until september 1988. Ali hassan al majid, a cousin of saddam hussein, took charge and became known as chemical ali because of his use of chemical weapons against kurdish. The anfal military campaign ended in september 1988 when saddam s regime announced a general amnesty for all kurds although they were not permitted to return to prohibited zones.
The 1988 anfal campaign in iraqi kurdistan sciences po violence. Anfal was the codename used by the iraqi government in public pronouncements and internal memoranda for a series of military campaigns mounted by iraqs baath arab socialist party, which gradually intensified over a sixmonth period, against the mostly kurdish civilian. This update series is designed as a brief summary of developments in the anfal trial. Media in category alanfal campaign the following 17 files are in this category, out of 17 total. After iraqs invasion of kuwait in 1990when the security council placed iraq under economic sanctions through resolution 661 and the 1991 gulf war, the countrys economy plummeted. The anfal campaign in iraqi kurdistan january 1993. Al anfal literally means the spoils of war and was used to describe the military campaign of extermination and looting commanded by ali hassan al. Iran only agreed to a ceasefire in 1988 when western support for iraq rendered an iranian victory impossible. However, iran faced technical setbacks with massive economic and military sanctions in place against the country. Baghdad during the 198788 anfal campaign against iraqi kurds. The anfal campaign against the kurds, published by human rights watch hrw in july 1993, trucks, busses, ifas, coasters and vehicles are mentioned. The court defines the bloody anfal campaign as eight military operations in 1988.
The anfal campaign took place over eight phases beginning in 1986, reaching its peak in 1988 with the halabja chemical attack that instantly killed 5,000 people and injured 10,000. Genocide and the global response antidefamation league. Ali hassan almajid altikriti, alleged architect of the anfal campaign. Throughout this period, the standard iraqi strategy was toattack k urdish settlements with ar tillery and airstrikes, conduct mass killings on the spot, and car t off the remainder of the population for processing further south.
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